The protocol most commonly used is the triple marker screen, which measures serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG).

apart, and chromosomes of the villi analysed. Sera were sent blind & only after AFP assay results were sent to Milan were karyotypes released. MSAFP≤0.6 MOM occurred in 5/17 (45.5%) significant ...

AFP concentration will tend to be lower in large women and high in small women. Black women have higher serum AFP concentrations but lower risk for NTDs. Insulin-dependent diabetics have lower ...