Water must be broken down during amino acid polymerization, which requires a lot of energy. However, in the extreme cold of the interstellar medium, this energy barrier lowers, and short glycine ...

There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and all have the same basic structure, differing only in the R-group or side chain they have. Amino acids are in an equilibrium between two acids with ...

For the first time, they achieved asymmetric (chiral) living polymerization of optically ... is analogous to the enzymatic growth of amino acids with chiral structures in vivo, which leads to ...

Amino acids are the building blocks that form polypeptides and ultimately proteins. Consequently, they are fundamental components of our bodies and vital for physiological functions such as protein ...