Scientists have always been curious about the atmosphere surrounding us, but in the past, they could not just hop on a spaceship to see what was up there. Instead, scientists hiked up high ...

and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere) on Earth. Along with energy flows, biogeochemical cycles establish the relations among ecosystem compartments at local ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...

Earth's atmosphere is divided into several distinct layers, each characterized by specific temperature variations, composition, and phenomena. Below are the primary layers of the atmosphere, from the ...

Crust and lithospheric mantle—the thinnest and thickest layers of the Earth's lithosphere—and a wide range of dynamic processes that deform them can be studied by using high precision geodetic ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...