Care must be taken not to spear the posterior wall of the esophagus with either the tip or the back of the needle. So as not to limit the space available for suturing, the bougie is not placed ...

There is no reliable treatment for ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), a disorder caused by failed smooth-muscle contraction that is common in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

A characteristic so-called bird's beak is usually seen in patients with achalasia. A dilated, sigmoid esophagus may be present in patients with long-standing achalasia. A corkscrew esophagus is ...