Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...

The formation of our solar system from a singular nebula raises an intriguing question: why did each planet develop with a ...

It includes the distribution of temperature and salinity, water mass formation and movement ... influencing the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere. This Review outlines the ...