A 65-year-old man presented to the ED with 1 day of acute onset mid-thoracic and low back pain, difficulty ambulating and ...

[4] The understanding of pain and stress sciences has also developed this past decade [5,6] and helped to explain ... interventions compared to surgical decompression in the management of LSS.

Studies also had to use a patient reported functional outcome measure for a land based exercise intervention or lumbar decompressive surgery. Results Only one study compared the effectiveness of ...