as does having a higher gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Meanwhile, a 2021 study from England indicates that cuts to local government spending may increase gaps in life expectancy between ...

These include longevity (measured by life expectancy at birth); educational attainment ... and tertiary education); and living standards (measured by GDP per capita in U.S. dollars at purchasing power ...

But while life expectancies around the world have generally been rising, Russia’s life expectancies have not risen for about ...

It is composed of four principal areas of interest: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income (GNI) per capita. This index is a tool ...