Over the past few years we’ve seen several impressive projects where people try to manufacture integrated circuits using hobbyist tools. One of the most complex parts of this process is ...

Photolithography, a vital stage in the manufacture of microelectronics, is in principle a simple process. An image of a mask containing the structure of an integrated circuit (IC) is projected ...

Schematic image of the basic steps for creating ordered silicon nanostructures through a mask of polystyrene nanospheres using the nanosphere lithography process ...