From the standpoint of Physical Geography, the Earth can be seen to be composed of four principal components: Atmosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere. SMOG: The combustion of fossil ...

Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...

Overview of fundamental chemistry related to the source, fate and reactivity of compounds in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Topics include reaction kinetics, chemical equilibrium, redox ...