hydrosphere, and lithosphere) on Earth. Along with energy flows, biogeochemical cycles establish the relations among ecosystem compartments at local, regional and global scales. In these systems ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...

including the study of the solid earth (lithosphere), the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (including the oceans), and the biosphere. This major blends these academic fields into a coherent ...