Orographic features—such as mountains and valleys—add another layer of complexity. These geographical characteristics can enhance rainfall through orographic lifting, leading to greater runoff ...

For precipitation, the general trend is that the north shore areas have the highest precipitation values due to orographic uplift caused by the high mountains in that region. The lowest values occur ...

incorporating cutting-edge technology that predicts maximum accumulated rainfall within a 500-meter grid. It takes into consideration the influence of orographic turbulence in mountainous areas, and ...