These costs can be particularly challenging for smaller manufacturers or those working with novel materials or processes, where economies of scale may not yet be realized. While both Physical Vapor ...

PVD techniques, such as sputtering and thermal evaporation, involve the physical vaporization of a target material and its subsequent condensation onto a substrate to form a thin film. PVD methods ...

This updated version of the popular handbook further explains all aspects of physical vapor deposition (PVD) process technology from the characterizing and preparing the substrate material, through ...