It describes the forces and behavior of the Universe’s fundamental particles: quarks, leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is ...

According to modern physics, atoms are divisible into smaller units called quarks and leptons, and these are considered the most basic constituents of matter. Rather than sticking together ...

If confirmed, this could point to new physics beyond the Standard Model, suggesting the existence of undiscovered interactions between quarks and leptons[2]. Another important contribution to the ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

The underlying theoretical construct in particle physics is called the Standard Model and it contains 6 quarks, 6 leptons, 4 gauge bosons, and one scalar boson (the Higgs boson), which interact ...

This breaking can help explain the mass hierarchies of charged leptons and potentially quarks, suggesting a deeper connection between flavor symmetries and particle masses[1]. Another significant ...

For decades, the realm of particle physics has been governed by two major categories: fermions and bosons. Fermions, like quarks and leptons, make up matter, while ... Continue Reading → ...

Countless neutrinos fly through you every second! Neutrinos, a category of leptons, have no electric charge and do not feel the strong interactions that bind the quarks into protons and neutrons.

Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Fundamental particles, Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Bosons. Conservation rules and symmetries. Parity Conservation and intrinsic parity of ...

Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles. All hadrons are made of quarks (which can only ...