Esophageal spasm symptoms can resemble those of a heart attack, causing painful muscle contractions in the chest and upper abdomen ... swallowing. The lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax ...

Metoclopramide stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract ... It increases the resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. History of tardive dyskinesia (TD) or a dystonic ...

and has produced increased peristaltic and lower esophageal sphincter pressures in normal volunteers. Agrawal et al. evaluated the effect of bethanechol on smooth-muscle contraction in patients ...