As Robert F. Kennedy Jr. answered questions during the second day of the Senate confirmation hearings for his nomination to ...

Kennedy has a rare disorder called spasmodic dysphonia — a spasm of the vocal muscles. Kennedy is one of an estimated 50,000 people in North America with spasmodic dysphonia, a neurological ...

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a neurological disorder caused by dystonia (abnormal sustained muscle contraction) of the vocal cords, hence also referred to as “laryngeal dystonia”. Depending on the ...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s strained voice, due to spasmodic dysphonia (SD), has drawn ridicule and highlighted the need for greater awareness of the condition. SD, a neurological voice disorder ...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has a disorder called spasmodic dysphonia that makes it sound like his voice is shaking. He has said the neurological disease began to affect him when he was 42.

and spasmodic dysphonia. In our Muscle/Nerve Histopathology Laboratory, over 600 muscle and nerve biopsies are performed and/or interpreted annually. In addition to surgical specimens obtained in our ...