“The nutrient increase since eight million years ago was likely caused by increased weathering and erosion on land which would increase the delivery of phosphorus ... into the ocean from human ...

and phosphorus. These two facts combined—the sheer number of viruses and their intimate relationship with microbial life—suggest that viruses, too, play a critical role in the planet’s biosphere. Of ...

Productivity fuels life in the ocean, drives its chemical cycles, and lowers atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nutrient uptake and export interact with circulation to yield distinct ocean regimes.